China and Multilateral IP Governance

This chapter focuses on China's multilateral intellectual property engagement, and WIPO and WTO are the key forums of this analysis. The case of China's engagement with WIPO demonstrates various dimensions of reciprocity. In China's engagement with the WTO, it analyses China's early attempt at agenda-setting in its first and only proposal on IP in standardisation and China's position and involvement in the recent COVID-19-related IP waiver negotiations at the TRIPS Council. China's multilateral IP engagement reveals that it has taken the strategy of multi-forum engagement in navigating international IP regime complexity. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

The Application of Equivalent Method for Cost Accounting and Performance Management in Community Healthcare Institutions

Background During the promotion of category-based management for community healthcare institutions （class 1 institutions obtain the financial security，and class 2 institutions implement a performance management system），how to appropriately determine the security level and scientifically evaluate the performance is a difficulty to tackle for health administrative departments. Objective To assess the operational efficiency of community healthcare institutions with the data envelopment analysis（DEA） using the information of costs of these institutions calculated using the equivalent method，then attempt to develop an input and management model of integrating cost accounting and performance management for these institutions，providing a theoretical basis for accurate and scientific input of various resources into the community through cost measurement with equivalent method，and a data basis for performance assessment in communities with different characteristics through efficiency evaluation. Methods The real data（financial status and staffing） of 14 community healthcare institutions during 2019 to 2020 were collected from their financial reports，hospital information system，maternal and child healthcare information system，chronic disease management information system，as well as focus group interviews. The equivalent method was used to calculate the total costs of medical services and public health services. The super-efficiency DEA was used to evaluate and analyze the operational efficiency of the 14 sample institutions. Results （1）The average cost of one equivalent service（a general medical outpatient service lasting for 15 minutes was defined as one standard service equivalent unit） was 67.64 yuan in 2019 and 69.80 yuan in 2020 for the 14 institutions. The average cost of one equivalent essential medical service was higher than that of one equivalent public health service in both 2019（167.14 yuan vs 18.86 yuan） and 2020（215.43 yuan vs 19.78 yuan）. The institutions demonstrated significant differences in the average cost of one equivalent essential medical service and the average cost of one equivalent public health service. （2）Each institution had its own peculiar characteristics. For example，S1 institution mainly provided essential medical services，and had higher total equivalent essential medical services and efficiency than other institutions，while S9 institution focused on providing public health services，and had the highest efficiency in delivering public health services. （3）In 2020，the 14 institutions provided 134 800 equivalent COVID-19-related services，with a cost of 1.037 8 million yuan. （4）In 2019 and 2020，only two institutions were relatively overall efficient，and ≥ 50.0% institutions were pure technically efficient. The institutions with overall operational inefficiency were mainly caused by scale inefficiency primarily due to increasing returns to scale. Conclusion The equivalent method provides a relatively unified "scale" to standardize the service efficiency of different types of community healthcare institutions，provides support for health administrative departments implementing category-based compensation for the institutions，benefiting the featured and high-level development of community healthcare institutions. Either institutions delivering essential medical services or those delivering public health services，mainly present increasing returns to scale，suggesting that the efficiency of these institutions can be improved by increasing the human/financial/material input into the institutions and providing precise compensation for them. © 2023 Chinese General Practice. All rights reserved.

The Bitcoin Halving Cycle Volatility Dynamics and Safe Haven-Hedge Properties: A MSGARCH Approach

This paper introduces a unique perspective towards Bitcoin safe haven and hedge properties through the Bitcoin halving cycle. The Bitcoin halving cycle suggests that Bitcoin price movement follows specific sequences, and Bitcoin price movement is independent of other assets. This has significant implications for Bitcoin properties, encompassing its risk profile, volatility dynamics, safe haven properties, and hedge properties. Bitcoin's institutional and industrial adoption gained traction in 2021, while recent studies suggest that gold lost its safe haven properties against the S&P500 in 2021 amid signs of funds flowing out of gold into Bitcoin. Amid multiple forces at play (COVID-19, halving cycle, institutional adoption), the potential existence of regime changes should be considered when examining volatility dynamics. Therefore, the objective of this study is twofold. The first objective is to examine gold and Bitcoin safe haven and hedge properties against three US stock indices before and after the stock market selloff in March 2020. The second objective is to examine the potential regime changes and the symmetric properties of the Bitcoin volatility profile during the halving cycle. The Markov Switching GARCH model was used in this study to elucidate regime changes in the GARCH volatility dynamics of Bitcoin and its halving cycle. Results show that gold did not exhibit safe haven and hedge properties against three US stock indices after the COVID-19 outbreak, while Bitcoin did not exhibit safe haven or hedge properties against the US stock market indices before or after the COVID-19 pandemic market crash. Furthermore, this study also found that the regime changes are associated with low and high volatility periods rather than specific stages of a Bitcoin halving cycle and are asymmetric. Bitcoin may yet exhibit safe haven and hedge properties as, at the time of writing, these properties may manifest through sustained adoption growth. © 2023 by the authors.

The Application of Equivalent Method for Cost Accounting and Performance Management in Community Healthcare Institutions

Background During the promotion of category-based management for community healthcare institutions （class 1 institutions obtain the financial security，and class 2 institutions implement a performance management system），how to appropriately determine the security level and scientifically evaluate the performance is a difficulty to tackle for health administrative departments. Objective To assess the operational efficiency of community healthcare institutions with the data envelopment analysis（DEA） using the information of costs of these institutions calculated using the equivalent method，then attempt to develop an input and management model of integrating cost accounting and performance management for these institutions，providing a theoretical basis for accurate and scientific input of various resources into the community through cost measurement with equivalent method，and a data basis for performance assessment in communities with different characteristics through efficiency evaluation. Methods The real data（financial status and staffing） of 14 community healthcare institutions during 2019 to 2020 were collected from their financial reports，hospital information system，maternal and child healthcare information system，chronic disease management information system，as well as focus group interviews. The equivalent method was used to calculate the total costs of medical services and public health services. The super-efficiency DEA was used to evaluate and analyze the operational efficiency of the 14 sample institutions. Results （1）The average cost of one equivalent service（a general medical outpatient service lasting for 15 minutes was defined as one standard service equivalent unit） was 67.64 yuan in 2019 and 69.80 yuan in 2020 for the 14 institutions. The average cost of one equivalent essential medical service was higher than that of one equivalent public health service in both 2019（167.14 yuan vs 18.86 yuan） and 2020（215.43 yuan vs 19.78 yuan）. The institutions demonstrated significant differences in the average cost of one equivalent essential medical service and the average cost of one equivalent public health service. （2）Each institution had its own peculiar characteristics. For example，S1 institution mainly provided essential medical services，and had higher total equivalent essential medical services and efficiency than other institutions，while S9 institution focused on providing public health services，and had the highest efficiency in delivering public health services. （3）In 2020，the 14 institutions provided 134 800 equivalent COVID-19-related services，with a cost of 1.037 8 million yuan. （4）In 2019 and 2020，only two institutions were relatively overall efficient，and ≥ 50.0% institutions were pure technically efficient. The institutions with overall operational inefficiency were mainly caused by scale inefficiency primarily due to increasing returns to scale. Conclusion The equivalent method provides a relatively unified "scale" to standardize the service efficiency of different types of community healthcare institutions，provides support for health administrative departments implementing category-based compensation for the institutions，benefiting the featured and high-level development of community healthcare institutions. Either institutions delivering essential medical services or those delivering public health services，mainly present increasing returns to scale，suggesting that the efficiency of these institutions can be improved by increasing the human/financial/material input into the institutions and providing precise compensation for them. © 2023 Chinese General Practice. All rights reserved.

Global spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Epidemiological features, resistance mechanisms, detection and therapy

Bacterial drug resistance has become a global public health threat, among which the infection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) is one of the top noticeable issues in the global anti-infection area due to limited therapy options. In recent years, the prevalence of CRE transmission around the world has increased, and the transmission of COVID-19 has intensified the situation to a certain extent. CRE resistance can be induced by carbapenemase, porin, efflux pump, penicillin-binding protein alteration, and biofilm production. Deletion, mutation, insertion, and post-transcriptional modification of corresponding coding genes may affect the sensitivity of Enterobacterales bacteria to carbapenems. Clinical and laboratory methods to detect CRE and explore its resistance mechanisms are being developed. Due to the limited options of antibiotics, the clinical treatment of CRE infection also faces severe challenges. The clinical therapies of CRE include single or combined use of antibiotics, and some new antibiotics and treatment methods are also being developed. Hence, this review summarizes the epidemiology, resistance mechanisms, screening and clinical treatments of CRE infection, to provide references for clinical prevention, control and treatment of CRE infection. © 2022 Elsevier GmbH

Instant Message App-Based COVID-19 Outbreak Reminder Service Via Climate-Based Prediction

Now that the COVID-19 pandemic is serious, in order to maintain the quality of life and safety, it is very important to remind people of the outbreak. Because when the SARS pandemic occurred in the past, it was found that the pandemic situation had a certain relationship with the weather. Therefore, we tried to analyze the relationship between the pandemic situation and the weather by analyzing big data information, and we also tried to conclude the possible pandemic situation and climate-related prediction rules through big data. We hope to use the most popular instant messaging software - LINE in Taiwan to assist in the auxiliary reminders of the pandemic. When people use the weather pandemic robot, they can also find the correlation between the weather and the pandemic, and it also helps to remind the public to pay more attention to their own health. © 2022 IEEE.

Deep Learning Mask Face Recognition with Annealing Mechanism

Face recognition (FR) has matured with deep learning, but due to the COVID-19 epidemic, people need to wear masks outside to reduce the risk of infection, making FR a challenge. This study uses the FaceNet approach combined with transfer learning using three different sizes of validated CNN architectures: InceptionResNetV2, InceptionV3, and MobileNetV2. With the addition of the cosine annealing (CA) mechanism, the optimizer can automatically adjust the learning rate (LR) during the model training process to improve the efficiency of the model in finding the best solution in the global domain. The mask face recognition (MFR) method is accomplished without increasing the computational complexity using existing methods. Experimentally, the three models of different sizes using the CA mechanism have a better performance than the fixed LR, step and exponential methods. The accuracy of the three models of different sizes using the CA mechanism can reach a practical level at about 93%.

Data Visualization and Analysis with Machine Learning for the USA's COVID-19 Prediction

Recently, many research works adopt machine learning to provide accurate predictions on the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we design and develop a web system which adopts machine learning methodologies to provide data analysis and data visualization. For experiment analytics results in the system, we find that SVM method outperforms LR method in every use case. We propose a web-based user-friendly and intuitive COVID-19 information hub, which can improve data accessibility to the public and allow more accurate decision-making to help fight the pandemic. © 2022 The authors and IOS Press.

A Community-Designed Qr Code-Based Animation Helps Patients Prepare for Endoscopies

Aim: Conventionally, patients are gathered to watch an introductory video at the clinic before endoscopic investigations take place. This may arouse practical issues under the COVID pandemic. Our centre, in collaboration with students from a local secondary school, has designed a set of animations which patients can easily access to with a QR code using their own mobile devices, so as to avoid patient gathering and increase their flexibility to read the information. This study aims to evaluate patients' perception of the QR code-based introductory animations of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) and colonoscopy (CLN). Method(s): A QR code linking to the animation was attached to the appointment sheet. Patients were asked to watch the animation with their own mobile devices before the endoscopy. A questionnaire with 5 questions was distributed after completion of their procedures. Result(s): A total of 144 patients undergoing OGD and CLN were recruited in May-June, 2022 at Tin Shui Wai Hospital. The response rate was 91.7%. Positive feedback was received. 12 patients (8.3%) did not gain access to the animation. A majority of patients agreed or totally agreed that the animation offered them more flexibility to understand the procedures before their OGD (75.4%) and CLN (79.1%). The QR code-based animation was deemed easy-to-use (80.3%), appealing (78.0%) and educational (81.0%). Conclusion(s): With increasing accessibility to mobile devices, patient education in preparation for medical procedures is no longer confined to the hospital setting. QR code-based animation is shown to be an effective and welcoming tool to prepare patients for endoscopies.

Feasibility Study on Growth-Type Youth Apartments: Taking the Architectural Form of Small Cubic Units as an Example

With the rapid process of urbanization in China, more and more young high-knowledge residents (YHKR) tend to choose to work and live in cities. Under such circumstances, youth apartments have become the first choice for YHKRs due to their flexible leasing methods, efficient layout, convenient service facilities and other advantages, and they have developed rapidly in vast cities in the past 10 years. However, the YHKRs characterized by high population mobility have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused the vacancy rate of youth apartments in China's first-tier cities to rise to 15%-20% in 2020. This paper proposes a design concept of a growth-type youth apartment (GTYA) to meet the above challenges and expounds the proposed design concept from three aspects: the birth of buildings, the growth of buildings and the disappearance of buildings. The design concept of GTYA is considered to be able to be operated in an urban chain mode, which is conducive to more efficient use of land resources. The research results provide new design perspectives and development directions for youth apartments in modern cities under the background of the pandemic. © Conference Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Project Management, China, ISPM 2022.

Determining the Students' Preferable Learning Mode for both Traditional Classrooms Teaching Under Normal Situations and Forced Virtual Teaching in Quarantine Period

The Research to Practice Full Paper aims to determine the students' preferable learning mode for traditional classroom teaching under typical situations and forced virtual teaching in quarantine. Although many academic institutions have promoted online and distance education, face-to-face traditional classroom teaching has always been the dominant approach in the US. However, the sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 disease forced the academic institutions to convert the entire curriculum into a virtual method of teaching and learning. This drastic change in the educational system has dramatically impacted educators and students, and very little is known about the students' preferred teaching and learning mode. In this regard, the present study collected data from the civil engineering department at the University based on a questionnaire survey. A total of 337 students participated and responded to 18 multiple-choice questions. The questionnaire was divided into four parts: admission information, activity information, Fundamentals of Engineering Examination (FE exam) planning, and preferred teaching mode. The preferred teaching mode is further divided into 'Synchronous' that represents scheduled and live virtual engagements with students such as zoom meetings and ' Asynchronous', representing prerecorded lectures such as watching YouTube videos. This study performed two analyses to obtain precise results regarding: (1) online vs. traditional classroom learning, (2) synchronous vs. asynchronous learning. For this purpose, distinct tree-based methods, including bagging, boosting, and random forest were employed to investigate the significant factors that affect the students' choice of learning modes under different circumstances. The findings reveal that the activities such as participation in clubs or organizations, internships, or jobs, are the statistically significant factors that play a vital in the students' choice of teaching and learning mode under different situations. This study is expected to provide crucial insights for the academic professionals in adopting the teaching and learning modes that would substantially improve and enhance the quality of education.

[Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 caused by 2019-nCoV Delta variant in Shangyu district, Shaoxing of Zhejiang province].

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 caused by 2019-nCoV Delta variant in Shangyu district, Shaoxing of Zhejiang province in 2021, and provide evidence for the improvement of COVID-19 control and prevention measures. Methods: The incidence data of COVID-19 in Shangyu from December 7 to 21, 2021 was obtained from Shangyu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The epidemiological characteristics of the cases, i.e. the population, time and space distributions, were analyzed, and the incubation period and time-varying reproduction numbers (Rt) were calculated. Results: From December 7 to 21, 2021, a total of 380 COVID-19 cases caused by 2019-nCoV Delta variant were detected in Shangyu, the median age of the cases was 52 years, M (Q1，Q3: 38, 61). The male to female ratio of the cases was 1∶1.25, and the cases were mainly workers (36.58%) and farmers (27.63%). The epidemic affected 9 townships (or community) of Shangyu, especially Caoe and Baiguan communities with the cases accounting for 57.10% and 31.53% respectively. The median incubation period of cases was 4.00 days, M (Q1，Q3: 3.00, 5.75). The basic reproduction number (R0) was 4.06, and the Rt was 5.62 in early phase of the outbreak (the highest) and continuously decreased to less than 1.00 within 10 days after the detection of the outbreak. The number of COVID-19 cases decreased to 0 within 14 days after the outbreak (December 7-21), and the main detection methods were screening in centralized isolation (55.53%) and home isolation (40.00%). The infection rates of close contacts and secondary close contacts were 2.06% and 0.46% respectively. Conclusion: The epidemic of COVID-19 in Shangyu characterized by short incubation period, large number of infected people, and case clustering, suggesting the strong transmission of Delta variant (B.1.617.2). Comprehensive prevention and control measures, such as management of close contacts and secondary close contacts, and high-risk area, are essential for the rapid control of the epidemic.

Preferences and insights of learning process in pandemic era: a case study of South Africa

Purpose The Covid-19 pandemic closed most educational institutions covering all world and academic calendars are threatened. In this situation keeping academic activities live, most institutions adopted learning via online platforms. However, the question about online learning effectiveness especially in developing countries like South Africa is still not clearly or evidently recognized, as in developing countries due to technical constraints of availability of bandwidth and device suitability is a serious challenge. The authors focus is to obtain the perception and insights of business and commerce students towards online learning education in order to improve an effective online learning environment. Design/methodology/approach The research study is based on an online survey of 415 students. The research study also explored a mixed-method and numerous explanatory attributes which helped the authors to discuss the results. Findings Results find out that 73 percent of students were ready to manage online learning and the majority of them prefer curriculum learning through smartphones during this pandemic. Some of the students have an attractive opinion due to the convenience and flexibility of online learning while some students in rural areas face many challenges in online learning due to the connectivity of broadband. Research limitations/implications Research has been uniquely limited to students of tertiary level and vocational training in the field of commerce across some educational institutions from South Africa. Some students were not cooperative in providing answers on time as per the questionnaire. Practical implications The insights of this research study will be very helpful in curriculum designing for the next academic session. Social implications Its findings will help to improve the online learning method so that it can be socially inclusive to all the students no matter their condition on data bundle accessibility background and location. Originality/value One of the few case studies done during this pandemic era and its findings will help understand how students perceive online learning in order to improve the learning environment.

Mask or Non-Mask? Robust Face Mask Detector via Triplet-Consistency Representation Learning

In the absence of vaccines or medicines to stop COVID-19, one of the effective methods to slow the spread of the coronavirus and reduce the overloading of healthcare is to wear a face mask. Nevertheless, to mandate the use of face masks or coverings in public areas, additional human resources are required, which is tedious and attention-intensive. To automate the monitoring process, one of the promising solutions is to leverage existing object detection models to detect the faces with or without masks. As such, security officers do not have to stare at the monitoring devices or crowds, and only have to deal with the alerts triggered by the detection of faces without masks. Existing object detection models usually focus on designing the CNN-based network architectures for extracting discriminative features. However, the size of training datasets of face mask detection is small, while the difference between faces with and without masks is subtle. Therefore, in this article, we propose a face mask detection framework that uses the context attention module to enable the effective attention of the feed-forward convolution neural network by adapting their attention maps' feature refinement. Moreover, we further propose an anchor-free detector with Triplet-Consistency Representation Learning by integrating the consistency loss and the triplet loss to deal with the small-scale training data and the similarity between masks and occlusions. Extensive experimental results show that our method outperforms the other state-of-the-art methods. The source code is released as a public download to improve public health at https://github.com/wei-1006/MaskFaceDetection.

Design and Feature Analysis of a Thermally Coupled Corona Discharge Air Disinfection Device

The COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus is still spreading globally, and blocking its airborne transmission route is of great significance to control the pandemic. The conventional plasma air disinfection devices show advantages in their dynamic and rapid capabilities, but the disinfection performance is limited by a single method, besides, there exists the risk of secondary infection during maintenance. In this work, according to the physiological characteristics of the novel coronavirus, an air disinfection device based on thermally coupled corona discharge was proposed for the improvement of conventional plasma air disinfection technology, which adopted the wire-plate array electrode structure to initiate corona discharge, and utilized heating wires embedded in the collection plate to achieve centralized heating. The discharge para-meters were measured, and a discharge power at stable operation was discovered to be as high as 5.6 W, for which the discharge law was found to obey the Townsend relationship. Measurement and simulation of the thermal parameters showed that, compared with the overall air heating, the efficiency of centralized heating was increased by 17 times, with minimal impact on the ambient temperature. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages were used as model bacteria and virus to verify the disinfection performance. Results demonstrate that the killing performance is effectively enhanced via thermally coupled corona discharge, with a removal rate of residual virus on the collection plate increasing by 99.97%, thereby reducing the risk of secondary infection. This work lays a device foundation for killing the airborne novel coronavirus, and also provides a technical reference for cutting its airborne transmission. © 2022, High Voltage Engineering Editorial Department of CEPRI. All right reserved.

Coping with Pandemics: Opportunities and Challenges for AI Multimedia in the "new Normal"

Theworld iswelcoming the newnormal - the coronavirus pandemic has significantly changed the way people live, work, communicate and learn. Almost everyone now is wearing a face mask when they go in public. People are working from home, some taking care of children at the same time. Bars and restaurants are limited to carry-out and delivery only. Meetings and conferences go online. Schools are closed and educators are instead holding video conference classes regularly. All these become the new normal as our ways of life. The panel thus provides a valuable opportunity for people from a variety of backgrounds to exchange views on opportunities and challenges for AI multimedia in the current and post pandemics era. © 2020 Owner/Author.

Comparison of viral nucleic acid test results of pharyngeal swabs versus induced sputum specimens in 33 patients with COVID-19 after treatment

Objective: To investigate the possibility of screening COVID-19 patients with sputum viral nucleic acid results by comparing the nucleic acid test results between pharyngeal swab and induced sputum after treatment. Methods: The viral nucleic acid results of 33 COVID-19 patients though pharyngeal swab and sputum specimen were collected and compared. Results: The nucleic acid postive rate of sputum was significantly higher than that of pharyngeal swab, 33.3% patients whose results were negative in pharyngeal swabs for viral nucleic acid detection, were tested positive in sputum specimens. Conclusion: Although the results of pharyngeal swabs nucleic acid test are adopted as the current diagnosis and discharge standards for COVID-19, viral nucleic acid detection of induced sputum specimens is also recommended as a reference for final diagnosis and disisolation. © 2021, Editorial Board of Medical Journal of Wuhan University. All right reserved.

Successful interruption of seasonal influenza transmission under the COVID-19 rapid response in Zhejiang Province, China.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) introduced to curb the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) also interrupted the transmission of influenza. STUDY DESIGN: This is a descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS: Data on changes in the number of reported influenza cases, number of influenza-like illness (ILI) visits, ILI percentage and influenza virus positivity were compared between the first 18 weeks of 2020 and the same period of 2019. RESULTS: The changes in the weekly average number of influenza cases were statistically significant between 2020 and 2019 (-4319 vs -525 per week; P < 0.05). The slopes of regression lines for the number of ILI visits were also statistically significant between 2020 and 2019 (-911 vs -98 per week; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the prevalence of influenza was substantially decreased when NPIs were implemented for the containment of COVID-19.

Efficacy analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 DNA vaccine and recombinant subunit vaccine inducing neutralizing antibodies in mice

Objective To investigate the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor-binding domain (RBD) and spike (S) protein S1 subunit. Methods The SARS-CoV-2 RBD and mouse immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) Fc fragment (mFc) fusion protein expression plasmid pVRCRBD- mFc was constructed and transfected into human embryonic kidney 293T cells. The RBD-mFc fusion protein in the cell supernatants was detected by Western blotting. The effect of RBD-mFc in cell supernatants and CHO recombinant S1-human IgG1 Fc (S1-hFc) fusion protein on SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected by microneutralization test. BALB/c mice were immunized with plasmid pVRC-RBD-mFc and S1-hFc fusion protein via intramuscular injection. Anti-S1 IgG antibodies in mouse sera were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the virus neutralization activity of mouse sera was detected by microneutralization test. Results The RBD-mFc fusion protein could be detected in the culture supernatants of 293T cells transfected with the plasmid pVRC-RBD-mFc, the concentrated supernatants and the S1- hFc fusion protein could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection on Vero E6 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Anti-S1 IgG antibodies could be detected in the sera of mice immunized with plasmid pVRC-RBD-mFc and S1-hFc fusion protein, and the sera of both groups could neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection. The serum antibody titers and virus neutralization activity of S1- hFc fusion protein immunized mice were significantly higher than those of plasmid pVRC-RBD-mFc immunized mice (both P<0.01). Conclusion Both SARS-CoV-2 RBD and S1 subunit may be used as effective vaccine antigens. Compared with DNA vaccine, recombinant subunit vaccine can induce neutralizing antibody more effectively..